Is the following statement correct?
"For an MDP and a given policy, the Bellman equation can be used to check the correctness of the state-value function."
Generally speaking it's correct. Bellman equation is a set of linear equations rather than a single equation for the usual tabular cases. If we put these equations together, it would be clear how to calculate all the state values. See S&B book page 60:
The value function $v_{\pi}$ is the unique solution to its Bellman equation.
$v$ is the state-value function and $\pi$ is a given policy as you specified.