Questions tagged [implementation]
For questions about implementation of software/algorithms related to Artificial Intelligence.
107
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How to sample the tuples during the initial time steps of the DDPG algorithm?
I am facing an issue in understanding the following line from the pseudocode of the DDPG algorithm
Sample a random minibatch of $N$ transitions $(s_i, a_i, r_i, s_{i+1})$ from $R$
Here $N$ is a ...
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How to Extract Specific Information From Web Pages Containing Job Postings?
I am currently working on my first research project, which is to implement machine learning based web scraping in the e-recruitement environment. Currently, I am building the dataset that needs to be ...
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41
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Is it possible to add states to the Q-table after the game has started?
I would like to implement Q-learning in a game.
Here is the board:
It's a 2 player game. At each turn, each player can put a pawn on a line of their choice. They can't choose the column. The right ...
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25
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Implement 4D convolution as matrix-matrix multiplication - paper is confusing!
I am confused by this paper https://arxiv.org/pdf/1410.0759.pdf which displays on page 4 how to model a 3D convolution (input has more than 1 channel and filter has more than one output).
In this ...
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56
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Are there any guidelines on how to map the state space to integers in the case tabular RL algorithms?
Let's say that you want to solve a problem with a tabular reinforcement learning algorithm, for example, Q-learning. You can represent the value function $Q(s, a)$ as a $|\mathcal{S}|\times |\mathcal{...
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128
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Why is my Advantage Actor Critic agent learning and then forgetting (i.e. the loss drops to zero)?
I am writing my own version of the A2C algorithm in PyTorch, and for the most part my algorithm is learning the simple environments (like CartPole-v1). Unfortunately during the training process, the ...
- 46
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What does it mean by "lazy mean" here?
Consider the following paragraph, taken from 3.4: Named Tensors of the textbook named Deep Learning with PyTorch by Eli Stevens et al., regarding the calculation of the mean for RGB channels of an RGB ...
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22
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Which kind of RNNs are mostly used in applications: hidden-hidden or actual output-hidden?
I came across two types of RNN while reading the chapter titled Sequence Modeling: Recurrent and Recursive Nets of the textbook named Deep Learning by Ian Goodfellow et al.
First type: Recurrent ...
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2
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110
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How to code an $\epsilon$-soft policy for on-policy Monte Carlo control?
I was trying to code the on-policy Monte Carlo control method. The initial policy chosen needs to be an $\epsilon$-soft policy.
Can someone tell me how to code an $\epsilon$-soft policy?
I know how to ...
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218
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How do graph neural networks adapt to different number of nodes and connections of different graphs?
I have recently been studying GNN, and the fundamental idea seems to be the aggregation and transfer of information from a node's neighborhood to update the node's internal state. However, there are ...
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Are there standardized forms of the Turing Test?
Most computer science instructors will tell you that the Turing Test is more a theoretical or conceptual thought experiment than an actual exam that someone (or something!) can formally sit and ...
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50
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Different equations for Yolov3 in courses/ articles and Darknet GitHub code?
I am confused by the equations for bounding boxes I find online. Some articles say that
box_width = anchor_width * exp(residual_value_of_box_width))
and the ...
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31
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Why isn't my perceptron having the expected costs?
I want to implement a single perceptron for linear regression using the following formulas:
The input data for the first case is one column (x(392, 1); y(392, 1)) ...
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63
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In mini-batch gradient descent, do we pass each input in the batch individually or all inputs at the same time through the layer?
In the stochastic gradient descent algorithm, the weight update happens for every training sample.
In the mini-batch gradient descent algorithm, the weight update happens for every batch of training ...
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39
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Is this a good implementation of this LSTM architecture?
I had been looking at some OCR problems and came across this presentation. I implemented it.
In the presentation, there is the LSTM-Stack (diagram and algorithm, slide 32):
Here is a visualization of ...
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1
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53
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Why using negative integers (as dimensions?) in tensor shapes rather than natural numbers?
Consider the following paragraph from A.1 MULTI-MNIST AND CLEVR of A IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS from the research paper titled ...
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55
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Does an increase in the number of epochs lead to complete breakdown?
Recently, I ran a code on my system that involves deep neural networks. The number of epochs provided by the designers are 301.
I tried to increase the number of epochs to 501. To my shock, the model ...
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150
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Which of the following two implementations of a Least Squares classifier in Python is correct?
I am trying to solve a classification problem by implementing the Least Squares algorithm in Python. To solve this problem, I am implementing the linear algebra formula to train the classifier, which ...
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1
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33
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What is the high-level algorithm followed by contemporary packages for the calculation of gradient?
Most of the neural network models in contemporary deep learning packages are trained based on gradients.
Let $f: \mathbb{R}^m \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^n$ be a function for which we want to find a ...
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2
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24
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Why not undefined expression is different from numerical underflow?
Consider an architecture or programming language that uses $n$ bits for storing a floating point number in a particular format. Then each and every floating point number it can store should be in a ...
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135
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DDPG or PPO don't work well with my custom non gym environment
I have a project to control a robot with right and left wheel speeds, and my step time is not constant. Because my outputs are continuous (right wheel speed, left wheel speed, and time step), I try to ...
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55
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How is this statement from a TensorFlow implementation of a certain KL-divergence formula related to the corresponding formula?
I am trying to understand a certain KL-divergence formula (which can be found on page 6 of the paper Evidential Deep Learning to Quantify Classification Uncertainty) and found a TensorFlow ...
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42
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What are the (key) purposes of unsqueezing operation on tensors?
The unsqeeze operation is used in several deep learning algorithms. However, I only found this operation in the code/implementation of the algorithms presented in the papers, which do not mention it.
...
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194
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How to calculate the gradient penalty proposed in "Improved Training of Wasserstein GANs"?
The research paper titled Improved Training of Wasserstein GANs proposed a gradient penalty in order to avoid undesired behavior due to weight clipping of the discriminator.
We now propose an ...
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123
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Why people always say the Transformer is parallelizable while the self-attention layer still depends on outputs of all time steps to calculate?
When compared to an RNN seq-to-seq model, people always say the Transformer is parallelizable. In the original Attention Is All You Need paper, it also said that
Recurrent models typically factor ...
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172
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Is there any gain by lazy initialization of weights, biases and number of input channels for a convolution operation?
The basic layers for performing convolution operations 1,2,3 in PyTorch are
...
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1
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286
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What exactly is an XPU?
I know about CPU, GPU and TPU. But, it is the first time for me to read about XPU from PyTorch documentation about MODULE.
...
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70
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What are the applications in which the precision of the neural network's weights is unimportant?
While reading about Module in PyTorch, I came across a new data type called half datatype.
half() method when calls on a Module ...
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16
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Is it possible to use (infinite cardinal) random variables during implementation?
Random variables can be broadly classified into three types:
random variables whose range is finite,
random variable whose range is countably infinite and
random variables whose range is uncountable.
...
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39
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How to implement a (3 + 2)-dimensional convolutional layer where the 2d space is "internal"?
I am trying to train a CNN to learn 5D (kind of) data. The data is structured as follows. It has three spatial dimensions [x, y, z], but it also has two "...
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53
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In practice, are perceptrons typically implemented as objects?
I'm fairly new to ANNs. I know the general structure, the math, and the algorithms behind them. I figured the logical next step on my journey to fully understanding them would to be implement one ...
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1
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154
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Why is the logarithm of the standard deviation used in this implementation of proximal policy optimization?
I am currently writing my bachelor thesis, which is an implementation of proximal policy optimization. Sometimes, I hit a wall because of the gaps in my mathematical knowledge. However, implementing ...
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113
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Off-policy Bellman Operators: Writing Operator and Weight Update Function for a 2-State System
I am studying for RL on my own and was trying to solve this question I came across.
Write an operator function $T(w, \pi, \mu, l, g)$ that takes weights $w$, a target policy $\pi$, a behaviour policy ...
0
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1
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163
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Why does my neural network to solve the XOR problem always output 0.5?
I'm trying to create a neural network to simulate an XOR gate.
Here's my dataset:
...
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3
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96
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How can I model any structure for a neural network?
Hello I am currently doing research on the effect of altering a neural network's structure. Particularly I am investigating what affect would putting a random DAG (directed acyclic graph) in the ...
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225
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How is the AI in 3d games implemented?
A few days ago, I started looking a bit more into AI and learning about the way it works, and it is very interesting, but I can't find a clear answer on how the artificial intelligence is implemented ...
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1
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236
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What to do with a GAN that trained well but got worse over time?
I am training a WGAN-GP network based on the following paper, though I am using a different dataset. Now, for the first ~ 60-70 epochs, my network trained really well, which I could see in the loss ...
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2
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601
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How is this Pytorch expression equivalent to the KL divergence?
I found the following PyTorch code (from this link)
-0.5 * torch.sum(1 + sigma - mu.pow(2) - sigma.exp())
where mu is the mean ...
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121
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Is there a convention on the order of multiplication of the weights with the inputs in neural nets?
Is there a convention on how the input data and the weights are multiplied? The input data can be anything, including the result from the previous layers.
There are two options:
Option 1:
$$\begin{...
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1
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92
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How should I implement the state transition when it is a Gaussian distribution?
I am reading this paper Anxiety, Avoidance and Sequential Evaluation and is confused about the implementation of a specific lab study. Namely, the authors model what is called the Balloon task using a ...
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147
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Can someone explain to me this implementation of Tile Coding using Hash Tables?
The code below is adapted from this implementation.
...
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129
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How do you pass the image from one convolutional layer to another in a CNN?
I am currently trying to write a CNN from scratch, but I don't understand how to feed the information from a max-pooling layer to the next convolutional layer. Specifically, I don't know what to do ...
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514
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Wasserstein GAN: Implemention of Critic Loss Correct?
The WGAN paper concretely proposes Algorithm 1 (cf. page 8). Now, they also state what their loss for the critic and the generator is.
When implementing the critic loss (so lines 5 and 6 of Algorithm ...
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Would it make sense to share the layers (except the last one) of the neural networks in Double DQN?
Context: Double Q-learning was introduced to prevent the maximization bias from q-learning. Instead of learning a single Q-network, we can learn two (or in general $K > 1$) and our Q-estimate would ...
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1
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696
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How are continuous actions sampled (or generated) from the policy network in PPO?
I am trying to understand and reproduce the Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) algorithm in detail. One thing that I find missing in the paper introducing the algorithm is how exactly actions $a_t$ ...
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1
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90
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Is average pooling equivalent to a strided convolution with a specific constant kernel?
It seems to me that average pooling can be replaced by a strided convolution with a constant kernel. For instance, a 3x3 pooling would be equivalent to a strided convolution (of stride $3$) with a $3 \...
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230
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How does the implementation of the VAE's objective function equate to ELBO?
For a lot of VAE implementations I've seen in code, it's not really obvious to me how it equates to ELBO.
$$L(X)=H(Q)-H(Q:P(X,Z))=\sum_ZQ(Z)logP(Z,X)-\sum_ZQ(Z)log(Q(Z))$$
The above is the definition ...
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How am I supposed to code equation 4.57 from the book "Machine Learning: An Algorithmic Perspective"?
Consider the equation 4.57 (p. 108) from section 4.6 of the Book Machine Learning: An Algorithmic Perspective, where the derivative of the softmax function is explained
$$\delta_o(\kappa) = (y_\kappa -...
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33
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What is the difference between step_model and train_model in the OpenAI implementation of the A2C algorithm?
I'm struggling a little with understanding the OpenAI implementation of A2C in the baselines (version 2.9.0) package. From my understanding, one ...
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2
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763
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What are some alternatives to "Papers with Code"?
There are lots of research papers available that are worth reading. We can read papers easily, but the associated code (not necessarily the official one developed by the authors of the paper) is often ...
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