It is known that machine learning algorithms expect feature engineering as an initial step. Now, consider the following paragraph, taken from [1.1 The deep learning revolution][1] of the textbook named **Deep learning with PyTorch** by *Eli Stevens, Luca Antiga, Thomas Viehmann*, regarding the role of feature engineering in deep learning > Deep learning, on the other hand, deals with finding such > representations automatically, from raw data, in order to successfully > perform a task. In the ones versus zeros example, filters would be > refined during training by iteratively looking at pairs of examples > and target labels. **This is not to say that feature engineering has > no place with deep learning; we often need to inject some form of > prior knowledge in a learning system. However, the ability of a neural > network to ingest data and extract useful representations on the basis > of examples is what makes deep learning so powerful.** The focus of > deep learning practitioners is not so much on handcrafting those > representations, but on operating on a mathematical entity so that > it discovers representations from the training data autonomously. > Often, these automatically created features are better than those that > are handcrafted! As with many disruptive technologies, this fact has > led to a change in perspective. The paragraph clearly saying that we need to inject some form of prior knowledge into the learning system. What can be a concrete example for such prior knowledge we are used in deep learning systems? [1]: https://pytorch.org/assets/deep-learning/Deep-Learning-with-PyTorch.pdf#page=34