# Tag Info

Accepted

### Is there a fundamental difference between an environment being stochastic and being partially observable?

I think the distinction is made more for conceptual reasons, which has practical implications, so let me review the usual definitions of a stochastic and partially observable environment. A stochastic ...
• 37k

### Is there a fundamental difference between an environment being stochastic and being partially observable?

A few points I'd like to add (without repeating the info already provided by nbro's answer): I think you're half-right, in that indeed we can probably always model randomness as hidden information (e....
• 9,794
Accepted

### Can Q-learning be used in a POMDP?

The usual (as presented in Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction) $Q$-learning and SARSA algorithms use (and update) a function of a state $s$ and action $a$, $Q(s, a)$. These algorithms assume that ...
• 37k

### What exactly are partially observable environments?

You are correct in the question that in RL terms chess a game of chess where the agent is one player, and the other player has an unknown state is a partially observable environment. Chess played like ...
• 26.1k
Accepted

### What's the relationship between Bayesian RL and POMDPs?

After looking more into this, I think I have a better understanding. In Bayesian RL, one has uncertainty over the transition function of the environment. For example, we might know that our robot can ...
• 380
Accepted

### What exactly are partially observable environments?

First, note that the current state does not determine the next state. What determines the next state are the dynamics of the environment, which, in the context of reinforcement learning and, in ...
• 37k
Accepted

### Why is tic-tac-toe considered a non-deterministic environment?

The game of TIC-TAC-TOE can be modelled as a non-deterministic Markov decision process (MDP) if, and only if: The opponent is considered part of the environment. This is a reasonable approach when ...
• 26.1k

### What is the intuition behind grid-based solutions to POMDPs?

I will attempt to provide an answer to your questions based on the information you can find in the papers A Heuristic Variable Grid Solution Method for POMDPs (1997) by Ronen I. Brafman and Point-...
• 37k

### Are perfect and imperfect information games modelled as fully and partially observable environments, respectively?

There is indeed a close parallel here, but the concepts are distinct. Every perfect information game is fully observable, but not every fully observable game is a game of perfect information. A game ...
• 9,037

### Can the normalization factor for the belief state update be zero?

I think that the normalisation factor is assumed to be non-zero. So, in practice, I guess, you must eventually check that $P(z \mid b, a)$ is non-zero (even though, I guess, it will likely never be ...
• 37k
Accepted

### Does the observation function for POMDP always add up to 1?

$O(a, s', z) = \mathbb{P}(z \mid a, s')$ is a conditional probability distribution, so it always needs to sum up to $1$. You should interpret $O(a, s', z)$ as the probability of observation $z$, given ...
• 37k
Accepted

### Is it possible for value-based methods to learn stochastic policies?

Is it possible for value-based methods to learn stochastic policies? Yes, but only in a limited sense, due to the ways it is possible to generate stochastic policies from a value function. For ...
• 26.1k
Accepted

### What could happen if we wrongly assume that the POMDP is an MDP?

What could happen if we wrongly assume that the POMDP is an MDP and do reinforcement learning with this assumption over the MDP? It depends on a few things. The theoretical basis of reinforcement ...
• 26.1k

### What is the difference between Bayes-adaptive MDP and a Belief-MDP in Reinforcement Learning?

Both Belief-MDPs and Bayes-Adaptive MDPs (BAMDPs) are special cases of POMDPs and their state space is augmented with a belief over their unobserved/hidden variables. In a belief-MDP, the hidden ...

### Is there a mathematical formalism to deal with a missing reward signal?

Your setting (of randomly dropping out reward signals) impacts expected future reward by multiply everything by a common factor $(1-\epsilon)$. As reinforcement learning (RL) control is based on ...
• 26.1k
1 vote
Accepted

### Are multi agent or self-play environments always automatically POMDPs?

Generally, "perfect information" is not a formal trait of MDPs. There is a concept of the Markov property, but it only loosely coincides with "perfect information". For instance it ...
• 26.1k
1 vote

### Can a Reinforcement Learning problem with multiple simultaneous actions be formalized as a Multiagent Partially Observable Markov Decision Process?

I guess it depends on what the goal is. If the goal is a general reward function, this formulation as an MPOMDP could make sense. One way to think about this, is as a way of modeling a general (...
• 11
1 vote

### Is there a way of path reconstruction using only the history of belief states?

The belief state in a POMDP is a distribution over the hidden state given all past actions and observations, i.e., at time $k$, the belief state is $b_k(s_k) \triangleq P(s_k \mid a_{0:k-1}, z_{1:k})$,...
• 560
1 vote

### Are perfect and imperfect information games modelled as fully and partially observable environments, respectively?

Not exactly, at least traditionally: in Game Theory, "imperfect information" is most often defined as agents having only partial information about the history of agents' actions, as you correctly ...
1 vote

### Is my understanding of the differences between MDP, Semi MDP and POMDP correct?

Yes, the core differences between the different categories of problems are correct as you've described them. For SMDPs, I'd like to remark that the water boiling example is maybe not the best. That ...
• 9,794
1 vote
Accepted

### How to define a reward function in POMDPs?

There is no major difference here between a POMDP and MDP. When setting reward values, you are generally trying to give the minimal information to the agent that when the sum of rewards is maximised, ...
• 26.1k

Only top scored, non community-wiki answers of a minimum length are eligible