Tag Info

49

Machine learning has been defined by many people in different ways. One definition says that machine learning (ML) is the field of study that gives computers the ability to learn without being explicitly programmed. Given the above definition, we might say that machine learning is geared towards problems for which we have (lots of) data (experience), from ...

45

As complexity rises, precise statements lose meaning and meaningful statements lose precision. ( Lofti Zadeh ). Fuzzy logic deals with reasoning that is approximate rather than fixed and exact. This may make the reasoning more meaningful for a human: Fuzzy logic is an extension of Boolean logic by Lotfi Zadeh in 1965 based on the mathematical theory of ...

34

The terms strong and weak don't actually refer to processing, or optimization power, or any interpretation leading to "strong AI" being stronger than "weak AI". It holds conveniently in practice, but the terms come from elsewhere. In 1980, John Searle coined the following statements: AI hypothesis, strong form: an AI system can think and have a mind (in the ...

32

By "company A has a large human face database so that it can train its facial recognition program more efficiently" the article probably means that there is a training dataset $S$ of the form $$S = \{ (\mathbf{x}_1, y_1), \dots,(\mathbf{x}_N, y_N) \}$$ where $\mathbf{x}_i$ is an image of the face of the $i$th human and $y_i$ (which is often called a ...

28

The difference is mostly in the number of layers. For a long time, it was believed that "1-2 hidden layers are enough for most tasks" and it was impractical to use more than that, because training neural networks can be very computationally demanding. Nowadays, computers are capable of much more, so people have started to use networks with more layers and ...

23

TLDR: The convolutional-neural-network is a subclass of neural-networks which have at least one convolution layer. They are great for capturing local information (e.g. neighbor pixels in an image or surrounding words in a text) as well as reducing the complexity of the model (faster training, needs fewer samples, reduces the chance of overfitting). See ...

19

Fuzzy logic is based on regular boolean logic. Boolean logic means you are working with truth values of either true or false (or 1 or 0 if you prefer). Fuzzy logic is the same apart from you can have truth values which are in-between true and false, that is to say you are working with any number between 0 (inclusive) and 1 (inclusive). The fact that you can ...

19

The bottleneck in a neural network is just a layer with less neurons then the layer below or above it. Having such a layer encourages the network to compress feature representations to best fit in the available space, in order to get the best loss during training. In a CNN (such as Google's Inception network), bottleneck layers are added to reduce the ...

16

Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence. Roughly speaking, it corresponds to its learning side. There is no "official" definitions, boundaries are a bit fuzzy.

16

Definitions of Artificial Intelligence can be categorized into four categories, Thinking Humanly, Thinking Rationally, Acting Humanly and Acting Rationally. The following picture (from Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach) will shed light on over these definitions: The definition which I like is by John McCarthy, "It is the science and engineering ...

13

"Backprop" is the same as "backpropagation": it's just a shorter way to say it. It is sometimes abbreviated as "BP".

13

Almost all of the functionalities provided by the non-linear activation functions are given by other answers. Let me sum them up: First, what does non-linearity mean? It means something (a function in this case) which is not linear with respect to a given variable/variables i.e. $f(c1.x1 + c2.x2...cn.xn + b) != c1.f(x1) + c2.f(x2) ... cn.f(xn) + b.$ ` What ...

12

John McCarthy (1927 - 2011) was an American computer scientist. A pioneer in the foundations of artificial intelligence research, he coined the term "artificial intelligence". He was one of the creators of the (original) Lisp programming language, which was quite involved in early AI research in the 1960s and 1970s. He coined the term in 1955, and organized ...

11

The machine learning is a sub-set of artificial intelligence which is only a small part of its potential. It's a specific way to implement AI largely focused on statistical/probabilistic techniques and evolutionary techniques.Q Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence is 'the theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks normally ...

11

Things in italics should give you enough googleable terms to start a deeper dive :P. There are 3 main branches of statistical ML. Supervised Learning This approach is taken when a problem can be phrased as associating some $X$ with some $Y$. For example, classifying a picture of a cat ($X$) with the label “Cat” ($Y$). Training in supervised learning ...

11

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are neural networks with architectural constraints to reduce computational complexity and ensure translational invariance (the network interprets input patterns the same regardless of translation— in terms of image recognition: a banana is a banana regardless of where it is in the image). Convolutional Neural Networks ...

10

Many terms have 'mostly' the same meanings, and so the differences are just in emphasis, perspective, or historical descent. People disagree as to which label refers to the superset or the subset; there are people who will call AI a branch of ML and people who will call ML a branch of AI. I typically hear Machine Learning used as a form of 'applied ...

10

A deep neural network (DNN) is nothing but a neural network which has multiple layers, where multiple can be subjective. IMHO, any network which has 6 or 7 or more layers is considered deep. So, the above would form a very basic definition of a deep network.

9

A deep neural network is just a (feed-forward) neural network with many layers. However, deep belief networks, Deep Boltzman networks, etc., are not considered (debatable) deep neural networks, as their topology is different (they ave undirected networks in their topology). See also this: https://stats.stackexchange.com/a/59854/84191.

9

Although there are several definitions of "robot", an essential feature of everything called "robot" is that it is capable of movement. This does not necessarily mean displacement; a robot arm in a factory also moves. There is a single exception to this rule, which is bot-programs like chatbots; I will discuss them later. Artificial Intelligence does not ...

9

In the blog post Building powerful image classification models using very little data, bottleneck features are mentioned. What are the bottleneck features? It's clearly written in the link you gave the "bottleneck features" from the VGG16 model: the last activation maps before the fully-connected layers. Do they change with the architecture that is used? ...

9

In English, the fringe is (also) defined as the outer, marginal, or extreme part of an area, group, or sphere of activity. In the context of AI search algorithms, the state (or search) space is usually represented as a graph, where nodes are states and the edges are the connections (or actions) between the corresponding states. If you're performing a tree (...

8

In contrast to the philosophical definitions, which rely on terms like "mind" and "think," there are also definitions that hinge on observables. That is, a Strong AI is an AI that understands itself well enough to self-improve. Even if it is philosophically not equivalent to a human, or unable to perform all cognitive tasks that a human can, this AI can ...

8

How is Artificial Intelligence different from Machine Learning https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/how-artificial-intelligence-different-from-machine-learning-singh

8

Imagine, you want to re-compute the last layer of a pre-trained model : Input->[Freezed-Layers]->[Last-Layer-To-Re-Compute]->Output To train [Last-Layer-To-Re-Compute], you need to evaluate outputs of [Freezed-Layers] multiple times for a given input data. In order to save time, you can compute these ouputs only once. Input#1->[Freezed-Layers]...

8

Sometimes observation and state overlap completely, which is convenient. However, there is no reason to expect it in all cases, and that's where interesting problems occur. Reinforcement learning theory is based on Markov Decision Processes. This leads to a formal definition of state. Most importantly, the state must have the Markov property. Which means ...

7

It's analogous to analogue versus digital, or the many shades of gray in between black and white: when evaluating the truthiness of a result, in binary boolean it's either true or false (0 or 1), but when utilizing fuzzy logic, it's an estimated probability between 0 and 1 (such as 0.75 being mostly probably true). It's useful for making calculated decisions ...

7

'Backprop' is short for 'backpropagation of error' in order to avoid confusion when using backpropagation term. Basically backpropagation refers to the method for computing the gradient of the case-wise error function with respect to the weights for a feedforward networkWerbos. And backprop refers to a training method that uses backpropagation to compute ...

7

AI is an amalgamation of many fields, Computer Science plays a major role in imparting "Intelligence" to the machine. Following is a quote from the best selling AI book Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach by Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a big field, and this is a big book. We have tried to explore the full ...

7

I think it might come down to whether the transistor is making a decision. If the transistor is being used as a switch, that would seem to qualify as a decision, even though it's an extremely rudimentary decision. Intelligence, in reference to Artificial (or Algorithmic) Intelligence, is not restricted to high intelligence. A brute force Tic-Tac-Toe AI ...

Only top voted, non community-wiki answers of a minimum length are eligible