# Tag Info

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I'll list some bullet points of the main innovations introduced by transformers , followed by bullet points of the main characteristics of the other architectures you mentioned, so we can then compared them. Transformers Transformes (Attention is all you need) were introduced in the context of machine translation with the purpose to avoid recursion in order ...

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Let's start with a bit of notation and a couple of important clarification. Q refers to the query vectors matrix, $q_i$ being a single query vector associated with a single input word. V refers to the values vectors matrix, $v_i$ being a single value vector associated with a single input word. K refers to the keys vectors matrix, $k_i$ being a single key ...

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Actually, there is usually an upper bound for inputs of transformers, due to the inability of handling long-sequence. Usually, the value is set as 512 or 1024 at current stage. However, if you are asking handling the various input size, adding padding token such as [PAD] in BERT model is a common solution. The position of [PAD] token could be masked in self-...

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What is a transformer? The original transformer, proposed in the paper Attention is all you need (2017), is an encoder-decoder-based neural network that is mainly characterized by the use of the so-called attention (i.e. a mechanism that determines the importance of words to other words in a sentence or which words are more likely to come together) and the ...

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I think there are two parts to answering this question. First, about the specific paper that has been mentioned. The paper's title is hyperbolic, and probably written that way to get more people to read it. The paper itself does not make the claim that attention-based networks will supplant existing recurrent network architectures. Instead, it makes a more ...

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Can the decoder in a transformer model be parallelized like the encoder? The correct answer is: computation in a Transformer decoder can be parallelized during training, but not during actual translation (or, in a wider sense, generating output sequences for new input sequences during a testing phase). What exactly is parallelized? Also, it's worth ...

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Parameters is a synonym for weights, which is the term most people use for a neural networks parameters (and indeed in my experience it is a term that machine learners will use in general whereas parameters is more often found in statistics literature). Batch size, learning rate etc. are hyper-parameters which basically means they are user specified, whereas ...

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Let's start with RNN. A well known problem is vanishin/exploding gradients, which means that the model is biased by most recent inputs in the sequence, or in other words, older inputs have practically no effect in the output at the current step. LSTMs/GRUs mainly try to solve this problem, by including a separate memory (cell) and/or extra gates to learn ...

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The Transformer model presented in this tutorial is an auto-regressive Transformer. Which means that prediction of next token only depends on it's previous tokens. So in order to predict next token, you have to make sure that only previous token are attended. (If not, this would be a cheating because model already knows whats next). So attention mask would ...

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We give the target input into the transformer decoder while training the model. So it is easy for the model to "peek ahead" and learn what the next word would be. To ensure that this doesn't happen we apply an additive mask after the dot product between Query and Key. In the original paper "Attention is all you need", the triangular ...

4

I took a look at the Tensor2Tensor's source code implementation as per @nbro's suggestion, and it seems like the loss function is the cross entropy between the predicted ($\|sentence length\|$ x $\|vocab\|$) probability matrix (right before taking the argmax to find the token to output), and the $\|sentence length\|$-length vector of token IDs as the true ...

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GPT-2 is a close copy of the basic transformer architecture. GPT-2 does not require the encoder part of the original transformer architecture as it is decoder-only, and there are no encoder attention blocks, so the decoder is equivalent to the encoder, except for the MASKING in the multi-head attention block, the decoder is only allowed to glean information ...

3

In statistics, if $X$ and $Y$ are independent and randomly distributed variables: $\mathbb{E}[X + Y] = \mathbb{E}[X] + \mathbb{E}[Y] \\ Var(X + Y) = Var(X) + Var(Y) \\ \mathbb{E}[XY] = \mathbb{E}[X]\mathbb{E}[Y] \\ Var(XY) = (Var(X) + \mathbb{E}[X]^2)(Var(Y) + \mathbb{E}[Y]^2) - \mathbb{E}[X]^2\mathbb{E}[Y]^2$ Let $Q$ and $K$ be random $d_k$ x $d_k$ matrices,...

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I have read the OpenNMT source code (https://github.com/OpenNMT/OpenNMT-py/blob/cd29c1dbfb35f4a2701ff52a1bf4e5bdcf02802e/onmt/modules/multi_headed_attn.py). It seems like an extra linear layer learns the weights $W^{key}$ and $W^{value}$ (plus biases), so to get the output (keys and values), you multiply the output of the encoder's final add + norm layer by $... 3 If you go through the main introductory paper of the transformer ("Attention is all you need"), you can find the comparison of the model with other state-of-the-art machine translation method: For example, Deep-Att + PosUnk is a method that has utilized RNN and attention for the translation task. As you can see, the training cost for the ... 3 I'm going to post another guess to this question - it won't be a complete answer, but hopefully it'll provide some direction towards finding a more legitimate answer. The feed-forward networks as suggested by Vaswani are very reminiscent of the sparse autoencoders. Where the input / output dimensions are much greater than the hidden input dimension. If you ... 3 The reason most music-generation models use discrete representations is because the long-term structures of music are very challenging to model. Note that the MIDI data in MAESTRO (used in the two papers you linked) encodes performances, not scores, so they include timing and accents of real performers--but are still sequences of discrete events, not audio. ... 3 "Orthogonal" is often used to mean "independent", as in "independent variable which does not correlate with the other variables". I believe this terminology originates from principal component analysis, where uncorrelated variation would be along orthogonal axes. Or, in the words of the Wikipedia article on orthogonality applied ... 2 1) The math is the exact same, so from an optimization or mathematical perspective there is no difference 2) Here are my guesses to a possible answer. Habit: People may just call one over the other out of habit Generality: Across frameworks a 1d convolution op would work, while Dense of FC may need adjustments to work on the temporal axis Parallel ... 2 Embeddings generated by transformers like Bert or XLM-R are fundamentally different from embeddings learned through language models like GloVe or Word2Vec. The latter are static, i.e. they are just dictionaries containing a vocabulary with n-dimensional vectors associated to each word. Because of this they can be plotted through PCA and the distance between ... 2 The reason each head is different is because they each learn a different set of weight matrices$\{ W_i^Q, W_i^K, W_i^V \}$where$i$is the index of the head. To clarify, the input to each attention head is the same. For attention head$i$:$Q_i(x) = x W_i^Q \\ K_i(x) = x W_i^K \\ V_i(x) = x W_i^V \\ attention_i(x) = softmax \left(\frac{Q_i(x) K_i(x)^T}{\...

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I recommend Introduction to Deep Learning by Eugene Charniak ISBN 978-0-262-03951-2 (MIT 2018). It mentions GAN & LSTM & Attention (all three occurs in the index). But read also Pitrat's last book: Artificial Beings: The Conscience of a Conscious Machine - it does cover machine learning (but not in the "deep learning" sense) but was ...

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There are a few more books that were published after 2016 that cover some of the topics you are interested in. I've not read any of them, so I don't really know whether they are good or not, but I try to summarise if they cover some of the topics you may be interested in. Deep Learning with Python (2017), by Francois Chollet (author of the initial Keras ...

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The main issue during training is that you haven't right-shifted the input of the decoder, which is probably why you set the diagonals of mask to -inf (when it should be $0$). Also, just an FYI, although you haven't focused on evaluation/prediction yet, I will explain the evaluation/prediction here as well for completeness, since it works so differently than ...

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In short, repetition with feedback. You are correct that machine learning (ML) models such as neural networks work with fixed dimensions for input and output. There are a few different ways to work around this when desired input and output is more variable. The most common approaches are: Padding: Give the ML model capacity to cope with the largest expected ...

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The original transformer is a feedforward neural network (FFNN)-based architecture that makes use of an attention mechanism. So, this is the difference: an attention mechanism (in particular, a self-attention operation) is used by the transformer, which is not just this attention mechanism, but it's an encoder-decoder architecture, which makes use of other ...

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Read the paper. It tells you. (page 3) Bit memory. Similar to the task proposed by Miconi et al. (2018), we consider a bit memory task where the model is shown 5 bitstrings each of length 1000. Afterwards, the model is shown a masked version of one of the bitstrings, where each bit is masked with probability 0.5, and the model is tasked with producing the ...

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You simply split the sequence into smaller sequences; while there are some long-distance dependencies in language, that is generally not a problem for this. A sentence would typically be short enough, and very long sentences are composed of shorter clauses which would form independent units (albeit connected with each other).

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Edit I just noticed that the model you are referring to is built very differently than the transformer from Attention is All You Need since it only uses one half of the architecture. Thus my answer below is not be complete. I thus have to add the following: (The final two paragraphs still apply as they are, though) The Keras model is quite weird, and while ...

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The masking should be applied to all Decoder blocks, otherwise in some blocks, past words can attend to future words, which would be cheating during training. This is reflected in The Annotated Transformer as well. Notice that in the Decoder class, the forward function applies the same mask to each layer of the decoder: class Decoder(nn.Module): "...

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