For questions related to the concept of value (or performance, or quality, or utility) function (as defined in reinforcement learning and other AI sub-fields). An example of this type of functions is the Q function (used e.g. in the Q-learning algorithm), also known as the state-action value function, given that $Q: S \times A \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$, where $S$ and $A$ are respectively the set of states and actions of the environment.