For questions related to causation (or causality), which is the field that studies the relationship between cause and effect, where the cause is partly responsible for the effect and the effect is partly dependent on the cause.
For more details, see, for example, An Introduction to Causal Inference (2010) Judea Pearl, Causal inference in statistics: An overview (2009) by Judea Pearl or Probabilistic Causation at Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.