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For questions related to variational auto-encoders (VAEs). The first VAE was proposed in "Auto-Encoding Variational Bayes" (2013) by Diederik P. Kingma and Max Welling. There are several other VAEs, for example, the conditional VAE.

3 votes

What's going on in the equation of the variational lower bound?

From this document, as you found here, $X$ is an observed variable and $Z$ is a hidden variable; $p(X)$ is the density function of $X$. The posterior distribution of the hidden variables can then be w …
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3 votes
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How does the Kullback-Leibler divergence give "knowledge gained"?

You can know it better, if you know the concept of entropy: Information entropy is the average rate at which information is produced by a stochastic source of data. The information content (also call …
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